Taking this in bite sized pieces:
I found out James Weatherhead went to jail for ten days for not showing up to board a ship, he was a mariner, does anyone know if it was a regular prison then, or something just for sailors?
Which James Weatherhead?
If it was the one previously discussed, son of Joseph and Elizabeth who was baptised 10 Jun 1821 at Berwick upon Tweed, then did your info about the sentence come from the newspaper report in 1847? If so then that case was held at North Shields Police Court and he was sentenced to the House of Correction. That would be a general local prison, not specific to any one section of those sentenced.
I would like to find Joseph Weatherhead's birth/death info/believed to be born in Berwick on tweed, england
Do you have any records for Joseph which would give at least a ball park figure for his year of birth? Do you have him on any census returns to pin down the last time you know he was still alive to narrow down his death year and where he was last recorded as living?
If you can shed some light on the above, then that will help.
I'm not ignoring your other queries but there are a lot to deal with in one go and I am a great believer in baby steps :-)
Boo
