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Sarah Ann looks a pretty formidable woman in any case. Poor William looks like he is struggling to perch on the last couple of inches of the bench. 

 

Sarah's birthplace is Stanwix, Carlisle in the 1891 census.  Could this possibly be her with her mother and siblings in 1871.  Transcribed as Tepping and Stanwix as Stanwise

https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:V5B1-FLK

Yes, that's another possibility. Transcribed as LEPPING on Ancestry.    So many possibilities and name variants, so many unmarried parents!  Very interesting problem.

I was wondering if it might be an idea to start a new thread just looking for a marriage of William TURNBULL and Sarah Anne TIFFIN/TIPPNG/etc? , with a link to this thread. Some fresh eyes may have some fresh ideas. 

Both fit quite well but I lack parents, an 1871 census for her and especially the elusive marriage to William Turnbull which has always been a big objective and a puzzling omission.

A possibility:

In 1871 in Botchergate
Joseph TIPPNG    50   
Elizabeth               39
Sarah                    7
Hannah                  5
Alice                      2
RG10/5217 pg49

Note that the family next door is Henry and Hannah (?) LOWTHER - a coincidence with the name of William's brother? 

This map from 1845, though it doesn't show Hunts Bank, shows many buildings in the area, not just the Workhouse.
https://maps.nls.uk/view/102344087
(near Victoria Station/Long Millgate/Todd Sts - in the centre of the map near "COLLEGIATE")
As there are a number of advertisements in the 1840s about shares in the Manchester and Leeds Railway which have the contact address as "Clowes Buildings Hunts Bank", I would think it was a mixture of business and residential premises.

The description of the Enumeration District in the 1841 census you have is " ... along the right hand side of York Street to Long Millgate - from thence along the right hand side of Long Millgate to the Apple Market - from thence along the right hand side of the Apple Market to the river Irwell - from thence along the river Irwell to the Boundary of the township of Manchester and from thence along the said boundary to York Street aforesaid."

The next street on the census after your Clowes Buildings is Ducie St (which meets York St) which you can see on the map above.

If this is the correct family, here are the census details for the TURNBULL's.

1861 at Botcherby
William TURNBULL   66    Brampton   (labourer)
Margaret                    73
James (son)               31
Margaret (dau)           36
Jane (dau)                  29
Mary Jane (gr dau)      8  (I think Dau Margaret's child)
Margaret (gr dau)        6   (I think Dau Margaret's child)
Fanny JOHNSTONE (gr dau)  3
William TURNBULL  (gr son)  3  (Dau Jane's child)
John Lowther    (gr son)  3months   (Dau Jane's child)
Richard TURNBULL  (visitor)   19  Denton
RG9/3917 pg12

1871 at Wetheral
Margaret TURNBULL   83  (shopkeeper, grocer)
Jane    (dau)                 39
William  (gr son)           14
John                               9
Sarah Jane                    5
Arthur                            3
Richard WILKINSON (visitor)   25  Low Hesket
RG10/5215 pg28

1881 at Botchergate
Jane TURNBULL     49    (charwoman)
William                     23
Arthur                       13
RG11/5155 pg 7

I can't see William in 1891? - you say he is in Caldewgate, but I don't seem to be able to find him?

Haven't found a marriage for William and Sarah Anne yet, however I think William may be the son of Jane, bap 28 Feb 1858 at Carlisle, birth reg Dec qtr 1857 Carlisle (10b/373).

I have to go out now so can't write all the details, but he can be found on the 1861 with brother John Lowther TURNBULL (also a policeman in later years) and grandparents William and Margaret TURNBULL.