Mary Rodgers Telfer died in 1900 in Dundee.
(In Scotland a married woman is named as xxx yyy or zzz in legal documents, where xxx is her given name(s), yyy is her maiden surname and zzz is her husband's surname. So she would be named as
Mary Rodgers or Telfer, not as
Mary Rodgers Telfer.)
Her father's name is given as Thomas on this certificate though he is still a Linen Weaver and her mother is Mary Cable. Both are deceased.
There is a family in Forfar in 1841 consisting of Thomas Rodger, 45, hand loom weaver; James Rodger, 15, apprentice flesher; William Rodger, 13, apprentice flesher; and Mary Rodger, 13. This Mary would have been born in 1827/1828 if her age is accurate.
In 1861 William Telfer, 29, private, 43rd Regiment, born Scotland, is listed at Circular Redoubt, Eastbourne, and on the same page but not next to him is Mary Telfer, 26, soldier's wife, born Scotland. This puts her date of birth as 1834 or 1835.
In 1871 she is listed as aged 40, which puts her date of birth at 1830 or 1831.
In 1881 she is 46, which matches her age in 1861 and puts her date of birth in 1834 or 1835.
In 1891 the only Mary Telfer in Angus is aged 49, and in the same household are Janet Telfer, 21 and John Telfer, 17. This puts her date of birth as 1841 or 1842, which has to be wrong because she could not have married in 1853 if she was born in 1841 or 1842. (Legally, she could have married at 12, but the likelihood that she actually did so is negligible.)
The death index at Scotland's People says she was aged 55 when she died. This would put her date of birth in 1844 or 1845, and it is clearly impossible for her to have married in 1853.
So we have a woman who either had no idea how old she was, or who habitually lied about how old she was.
I note that the 1841 census says that Thomas Rodger was 45, which if correct gives a birth date between 1791 and 1796. I also note the death in Forfar in 1875 of Thomas Rodger, aged 81. If I were you I would want to take a look at that death certificate to see if his wife's name was Mary Cable.
It looks from the 1871 census index as if in the same household in Forfar as Thomas Rodger, aged 77, is a Jessie Rodger, aged 44. I note with interest the marriage of Thomas Rodger to Janet McDonald in Forfar in 1860. The names Janet and Jessie are interchangeable. Did your Mary's father perhaps remarry?
Another avenue you could explore would be to look for marriage and death certificates of James Rodger and William Rodger, the two apprentice fleshers (i.e. butchers) in the 1841 census.
I note from the index that on the page before the listing of Thomas and Jessie in 1871 there are a James, aged 33. Could this be Thomas' son? On the same page is Margaret, 39. A James Rodger married a Margaret Wilson in Forfar in 1860. If he was a butcher and his mother was Mary Cable, that would be very strong evidence for the parentage of your Mary Rodgers.