There are different "shutdowns".
There's a "Sleep" mode, where things go into low power state. The machine is running, but saving power. Waking it up should show things exactly where they were on the desktop. If you pull the power while it is sleeping, everything is lost. The machine might not have written everything to disk properly. While it is Sleeping, there's usually a light slowly flashing to give you a hint.
If you select Hibernate, the system writes an image of everything to a file on disk and then the PC is switched off, using no power. When you wake it up, that file is used to put everything back on and running. I use this to swap laptop batteries when not on mains.
If the machine is in "Fast Startup", mode (the default), when you request shutdown, all applications are closed, then the system writes a compressed image of the running operating system to disk, then the machine is powered off. This image is read on startup to quickly give a running system. Note that those dozens of device drivers and chunks of Windows are already loaded and just need to be told to do a quick check of things - very quick.
If you disable Fast Startup, the system powers down in the old fashioned way, just like Windows 7.
Regardless of "Fast Startup", if you select "Restart", the system will do a reload of all the drivers from scratch. This is what Windows Update usually needs.
The state of the power settings is found under Start Menu, Windows System, Control Panel, Power Options.
Quite a few machine have problems with "Sleep", especially if hardware has been plugged in or unplugged in the meantime. I first noticed this in Windows XP, and things are just as bad now.
"Fast Startup" causes trouble with some machines, especially older ones. The device drivers need to sort things out after the machine re-awakens, and not all do that properly. A common symptom is the WiFi not being able to connect, when it was working fine before. On one machine I know the wifi connects properly, but the video doesn't work after re-awakening. Disabling Fast Startup makes them reliable again.